Tick-borne Encephalitis Vaccine

What is Tick-Borne Encephalitis?

Tick-borne encephalitis is a viral infection commonly transmitted through the bite of an infected tick. The disease primarily occurs in parts of central, northern, and Eastern Europe, Siberia, and certain areas of Asia. While most infections happen during hiking activities in these regions, it’s important to note that TBE can pose a risk to travellers.

What are the symptoms of Tick-borne Encephalitis?

Symptoms of tick-borne encephalitis can vary depending on the individual and the severity of the infection. The incubation period typically ranges from 7 to 14 days after a tick bite. Here’s a breakdown of the symptoms:

Initial Phase

• Fever: Sudden onset of fever accompanied by chills and fatigue.
• Headache: Intense headaches, often located at the front or sides of the head.
• Muscle Aches: Generalised muscle pain and body aches.
• Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
• Flu-like Symptoms: Sore throat, cough, and runny nose.
• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and weakness.

Neurological Phase

• Meningitis: Severe headaches, neck stiffness, and sensitivity to light.
• Encephalitis: High fever, confusion, disorientation, difficulty speaking, tremors, seizures, and impaired consciousness.
• Paralysis: Rare cases may lead to limb or facial muscle paralysis.

It’s important to remember that not all individuals infected with TBE will develop symptoms, and the severity of symptoms can vary. While some cases may be mild and self-limiting, others can progress to severe neurological complications. If you suspect TBE or experience neurological symptoms, seek medical attention promptly. Treatment primarily focuses on supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Vaccination is available and recommended for individuals residing in or travelling to regions with a known risk of TBE transmission.

How is Tick-borne Encephalitis Spread?

Tick-borne encephalitis primarily spreads through the bite of infected ticks. Here’s how the infection is commonly transmitted:

Tick Bites

The primary mode of transmission occurs when an infected tick attaches itself to a human. Ticks belonging to the Ixodes family, particularly specific species, are responsible for transmitting TBE. When an infected tick bites, it can introduce the TBE virus into the bloodstream, leading to infection.

Unpasteurized Dairy Products

In rare cases, TBE can be transmitted through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products derived from infected animals. It’s important to be cautious when consuming such products, especially milk or cheese obtained from goats, sheep, or cows in regions where TBE is endemic.

It’s crucial to understand that person-to-person transmission of TBE is extremely rare and occurs in isolated cases, usually through organ transplantation or blood transfusion from an infected donor.

Who is at risk of TBE?

1. Outdoor Enthusiasts: Individuals engaging in outdoor activities like hiking, camping, hunting, or forestry work in forested or rural areas with a high prevalence of infected ticks.
2. Residents of Endemic Regions: People residing in or near areas where TBE is endemic, particularly in parts of Europe and Asia, are at a higher risk due to regular exposure to tick habitats.
3. Travellers to Endemic Regions: Those travelling to regions with a known risk of TBE, especially during the tick season, may be exposed to infected ticks and are at an increased risk of infection.
4. Agricultural and Forestry Workers: Occupations involving outdoor work, such as farming, forestry, and park maintenance, pose a higher risk of tick exposure.
5. Children: Children, especially those spending significant time outdoors, may be at a higher risk due to limited awareness of tick bite prevention and closer contact with tick habitats.

The Tick-borne Encephalitis Vaccine

The TBE vaccine provides a reliable defence against this viral infection. Here are some key details about the vaccination:

• Recommended Ages: The vaccine is suitable for individuals aged 2 to 85 years, with specific dosing schedules for different age groups.
• Doses Required: Depending on the age, 2 to 3 doses of the vaccine are typically administered.
• Vaccination Schedule: The doses are given at specific intervals, ranging from 0 to 3 months or 0 to 14 days, depending on the accelerated schedule.
• Time before Travel: It is recommended to complete the vaccination course at least two weeks before your planned travel.
• Boosters: Some individuals may require a booster dose to maintain immunity. Consult our healthcare professionals for personalised advice.

It’s important to note that the vaccine is most effective when given sufficient time to become active. Even if you receive the vaccine a day before your trip, it still provides some level of immunity.

Precautions and Side Effects

Tick-borne Encephalitis Vaccines are considered safe and effective. Adverse reactions are infrequent and limited to mild symptoms. These may include injection site reactions such as a sore arm, redness, swelling, or tenderness. Some individuals may experience mild side effects, such as headaches, nausea and tiredness. These symptoms usually resolve within a few days and can be managed with paracetamol or a cold compress. For detailed information on adverse events, please refer to the patient leaflet accompanying the vaccine.